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Evaluation of passive microwave brightness temperature simulations and snow water equivalent retrievals through a winter season

机译:评估整个冬季的被动微波亮度温度模拟和雪水当量取回

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摘要

Plot-scale brightness temperature (T _B) measurements at 6.9, 19, 37, and 89GHz were acquired in forest, open, and lake environments near Churchill, Manitoba, Canada with mobile sled-based microwave radiometers during the 2009-2010 winter season. Detailed physical snow measurements within the radiometer footprints were made to relate the microwave signatures to the seasonal evolution of the snowpack, and provide inputs for model simulations with the Helsinki University of Technology (HUT) snow emission model. Large differences in depth, density, and grain size were observed between the three land cover types. Plot-scale simulations with the HUT model showed a wide range in simulation accuracy between sites and frequencies. In general, model performance degraded when the effective grain size exceeded 2mm and/or there was an ice lens present in the pack. HUT model performance improved when simulations were run regionally at the satellite scale (using three proportional land cover tiles: open, forest, and lake) and compared to Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) measurements. Root mean square error (RMSE) values ranged from approximately 4 to 16K depending on the frequency, polarization, and land cover composition of the grid cell. Snow water equivalent (SWE) retrievals produced using forward T _B simulations with the HUT model in combination with AMSR-E measurements produced RMSE values below 25mm for the intensive study area. Retrieval errors exceeded 50mm when the scheme was applied regionally.
机译:在2009-2010年冬季期间,使用移动雪橇式微波辐射计在加拿大曼尼托巴丘吉尔附近的森林,开阔和湖泊环境中采集了6.9、19、37和89GHz的标尺亮度温度(T _B)测量值。进行了辐射计足迹内详细的物理降雪测量,以将微波特征与积雪的季节演变联系起来,并为使用赫尔辛基工业大学(HUT)降雪模型进行模型仿真提供了输入。在三种土地覆被类型之间,在深度,密度和晶粒尺寸上存在很大差异。使用HUT模型进行图规模仿真显示,站点和频率之间的仿真精度范围很广。通常,当有效晶粒尺寸超过2mm和/或包装中存在冰晶时,模型性能会下降。当在卫星规模上进行区域模拟(使用三个比例的土地覆盖图块:开放,森林和湖泊)并与高级微波扫描辐射计(AMSR-E)测量相比,HUT模型的性能得到改善。均方根误差(RMSE)值的范围大约为4到16K,具体取决于频率,极化和栅格单元的土地覆盖物组成。使用HUT模型的正向T _B模拟结合AMSR-E测量产生的雪水当量(SWE)检索结果为密集研究区域的RMSE值低于25mm。当该方案在区域应用时,检索误差超过50mm。

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