It is well known that the operating state (e.g. bend or V state) of a pi-cell must be nucleated prior to operation. For direct view liquid crystal display applications, such as direct view TV, low voltage nucleation of the operating state is necessary. A brief description of existing nucleation techniques is presented, followed by a detailed consideration of three low voltage nucleation techniques. The concept behind these techniques and their observed performance is described. Possible areas for further work are included.
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