Photonic-bandgap materials such as photonic crystals are important for their ability to manipulate photons. Much of the effort has been concentrated in the three-dimensional (3-D) manipulation of photons through the engineering of defects with the photonic-crystal (PC) material. Such defects disrupt the PC lattice periodicity and create a state for forbidden bandgap frequencies to be routed or manipulated toward the development of embedded resonant cavities, waveguides, and other optoelectronic structures. In fact, a well-engineered 3-D photonic crystal could form the basis of a 3-D optical network in similar fashion to the technology described in, "Polysilicon resonates toward CMOS-compatible 3-D networks," p. 25.
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