In a recent paper published in Cancer Research, Garcia-Closas and colleagues examine how genetic variants recently identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for bladder cancer interact with smoking status to influence bladder cancer risk.1 The authors identify a new high-risk subgroup of individuals—current smokers carrying the highest genetic risk burden—who could be targeted for behavioural interventions or early detection protocols. This article is the first to evaluate gene-environment interactions on risk difference rather than relative risk, which might inform risk-stratified bladder cancer prevention efforts.
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