FOLIC ACID-FUNCTIONALIZED GOLD AND SILVER NANOPARTICLES: THEIR CYTOTOXIC EFFECT ON CANCEROUS MYELOID CELLS WITH MICROWAVE IRRADIATION

摘要

Introduction: Metal nanoparticles such as gold and silver nanoparticles have attracted much interest during the last decades for their special chemical and physical properties. Gold and silver nanoparticles can be functionalized with active biologic moieties like antibodies, drugs and chemicals, enabling them to react with specific cells. Furthermore, penetration and cytotoxic effects of nanoparticles can be increased by electromagnetic waves such as infrared, ultraviolet, radiofrequency and microwave. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate of cell cytotoxicity induced by folic acid-functionalized gold and silver nanoparticles with and without microwave irradiation on cancer cells from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Method: Patients with known AML(M1, M2, M3 and M4), all recently diagnosed by histopathology, special stains and immunohistochemistry, and 4 normal persons were enrolled in the study. The blood mononuclear cell fraction was separated, so that the final concentration of neoplastic myeloid cells and normal mononuclear cells in each tube was adjusted to about 400 cells/μL. For preparation of folate-functionalized gold and silver nanoparticles, folic acid was dissolved in deionized water, added to I mM HAuCl_4 and l mM AgN0_3 solution, and incubated at 500C for 8 h. Scanning electron micrographs, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) were used for confirmation of the synthesis of functionalized nano- particles. After preparation, nanoparticles were added to cancerous and normal cell suspensions, and then incubated at 370C for l h. Another experiment was carried out in the same way but with exposure to microwave irradiation for lOs so that its temperature reached at 500C, and then incubated at 370C for l h, after which cell cytotoxicity was evaluated with MTT test. All of the tests were duplicated, and paired t-test was used to compare the mean absorbance read-out in each of the above-mentioned groups of wells. Results: The sizes of functionalized gold and silver nanoparticles were approximately 25nm t0 32nm. After synthesis of functionalized nano- particles, the tubes containing HAuC1_4 turned to red color, and the peak absorbance for gold nanoparticles was at 520nm. For AgN0_3, it turned to yellow color with a peak absorbance at 420 nm. FTIR test showed connection of folic acid moieties to gold and silver surfaces. This study showed that functionalized gold nanoparticles were more toxic than functionalized silver nano- particles on cancer and normal cells. Also, microwave irradiation was more synergic with func- tionalized gold nanoparticles. Furthermore, the most effectiveness score was 2.87 for functionalized silver nanoparticles without microwave irradiation and the minimum effectiveness score was 2.20 for functionalized silver nanoparticles with microwave. Conclusion: This study clearly demonstrated that although functionalized gold nanoparticles have high toxicity to cells, but silver nanoparticles without microwave irradiation are more effective because of less cytotoxic effect on normal cells.