Nucleic acid-based vaccines (NAVs) for induction of antigen-specific immunity have reemerged as important tools in our vaccine/immune therapeutic arsenal. DNA technology appears to more than hold its own alongside viral vectored systems, particularly when the focus is on driving robust T-cell immunity in the clinic.By contrast, studies of vaccines based on RNA in small animals have been disappointing. Instability of the mRNA and manufacturing problems further weakened interest in this platform. However, just as good wine improves with age, cutting-edge technologies can take time to mature, and direct injection of RNA for immunization has recently been shown to be sufficiently improved. Support for RNA delivery as a more effective means of vaccination comes from several very recent reports
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