Vitamin D-binding protein-derived macrophage-activating factor, GcMAF, and prostate cancer

摘要

Dear Editors, The aims of our review were to discuss well-known mechanisms by which prostate cancer cells avoid immune destruction, with a view to identifying the most promising strategies that could be implemented in the clinical arena to counteract their immune escape . The field is also moving so fast that ClinicalTrial.gov has currently listed 65 clinical trials of prostate cancer immunotherapy, 19 of which are recruiting patients, and new data have been just released on the effects of PD-1 blockade in prostate cancer patients . Hence, we focused on those molecular mechanisms supported by clear evidence in patients, strong in vivo pre-clinical studies, and modulatory strategies already available. This inevitably meant excluding the excellent studies by many colleagues because of the lack of one or other of these criteria, and because of space constraints.