Advanced vacuum processes such as steel -degassing and ladle metallurgy, vacuum melting and remelting, and precision casting have, in the past, led to high quality metallurgical products tailored -to meet the ever increasing demands imposed upon them. Vacuum metallurgy is presently entering a new -phase wherein it is assessing the experiences gained from continuously developing established processes and putting together new process combinations. The use of these metal making processes in modern, efficiently functioning vacuum process systems greatly reduces costs. The recycling of scrap from the processing of costly materials contributes to cost effectiveness. Examples of the products that have been derived from these technologies include high alloyed special steels and superalloys, refractory and reactive metals with ultra high purity and a fine grain structure, precision castings with directional and single crystal structures. The resulting materials of high strength and reliability are contributing to advanced applications in the aerospace and aircraft industries, while the high purity products are contributing to new developments in electronics.
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