Mineralogic and sulfur isotopic effects accompanying oxidation of pyrite in millimolar solutions of hydrogen peroxide at temperatures from 4 to 150 degrees C

摘要

Oxidation of pyrite by hydrogen peroxide (11202) at millimolar levels has been studied from 4 to 150 degrees C in order to evaluate isotopic effects potentially associated with radiolytic oxidation of pyrite. Gaseous, aqueous, and solid phases were collected and measured following sealed-tube experiments that lasted from 1 to 14 days. The dominant gaseous product was molecular oxygen. No volatile sulfur species were recovered from any experiment. Sulfate was the only aqueous sulfur species detected in solution, with sulfite and thiosulfate below the detection limits. X-ray diffraction patterns and images from scanning electron microscopy reveal solid residues composed primarily of hydrated ferric iron sulfates and sporadic ferric-ferrous iron sulfates. Hematite was detected only in solid residue produced during high temperature experiments. Elemental sulfur and/or polysulfides are inferred to be form on reacting pyrite surface-based on extraction with organic solvents. Pyrite oxidation by H2O2 increases in rate with increasing H(2)O(2)concentration, pyrite surface area, and temperature. Rates measured in sealed-tube experiments at 25 degrees C, for H2O2 concentration of 2 x 10(-3) M are 8.8 X 10(-9) M/m(2)/sec, which are higher than previous estimates. A combination of reactive oxygen species from H2O2 decomposition products and reactive iron species from pyrite dissolution is inferred to aggressively oxidize the receding pyrite surface. Competing oxidants with temperature-dependent oxidation efficiencies results in multiple reaction mechanisms for different temperatures and surface conditions. Sulfur isotope values of remaining pyrite were unchanged during the experiments, but showed distinct enrichment of S-34 in produced sulfate and depletion in elemental sulfur. The Delta(sulfate-pyrite) and Delta(elemental sulfur-pyyrite) was +0.5 to +1.5 parts per thousand and was -0.2 to -1 parts per thousand, respectively. Isotope data from high-temperature experiments indicate an additional S-depleted sulfur fraction, with up to 4 parts per thousand depletion of S-34, in the hematite. Sulfur isotope trends were not influenced by H2O2 concentration, temperature, or reaction time. Results of this study indicate that radiolytically produced oxidants, such as hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals, could efficiently oxidize pyrite in an otherwise oxygen-limited environment. Although H2O2 is generally regarded as being of minor geochemical significance on Earth, the H2O2 molecule plays a pivotal role in Martian atmospheric and soil chemistry. Additional experimental and field studies are needed to characterize sulfur and oxygen isotope systematics during radiolytical oxidation of metallic sulfides and elemental sulfur. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.