Unconventional design eliminates explosives to increase safety and efficiency. The basic technologies associated with the plugging and abandoning (P&A) of wells has not changed significantly since the 1970s, as the National Petroleum Council pointed out in its North American Resource Development Study. Water-based slurries of cement and drilling mud are still the basic materials used to plug most wells, although progress has been made in use of additives to customize the cements and muds for specific types of wells.
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