Immunity to Bovine Herpesvirus 1: I. Virallifecycle and innate immunity

摘要

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) causes a variety of diseases and is globally distributed. It infectsvia mucosal epithelium, leading to rapid lytic replication and latent infection, primarily insensory ganglia. Large amounts of virus can be excreted by the host on primary infection orupon recrudescence of latent infection, resulting in disease spread. The bovine immuneresponse to BHV-1 is rapid, robust, balanced, and long-lasting. The innate immune system isthe first to respond to the infection, with type I interferons (IFNs), inflammatory cytokines,killing of infected host cells, and priming of a balanced adaptive immune response. The viruspossesses a variety of immune evasion strategies, including inhibition of type I IFN production,chemokine and complement binding, infection of macrophages and neutrophils, and latency.BHV-1 immune suppression contributes to the severity of its disease manifestations and to thebovine respiratory disease complex, the leading cause of cattle death loss in the USA.