The past decade has seen the emergence of tools for tailoring care to individual patients. Under the guise of personalized medicine, a host of drug-level assays and DNA, RNA, protein, and imaging tests promise to enhance clinical benefit by enabling clinicians to determine optimal therapies and dosages (1). These tools come at an opportune time, when health systems are under pressure to improve returns on the therapeutic investment. However, evidence on the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of preemptive testing is lacking.
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