Consumptive and non-consumptive effects of predation by introduced northern pike on life-history traits in threespine stickleback

摘要

Background: Non-native, predatory northern pike (Esox lucius) are spreading into lakes of south-central Alaska and were illegally introduced into Scout Lake in 2001 or 2002. Pike preyed on native threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in the lake, subjecting them to higher mortality rates.