Effect of release timing on apparent survival of juvenile fall run Chinook Salmon from Coleman National Fish Hatchery

摘要

Hatchery production of Pacific salmon for release into the environment is a common tool for conservation and supplementation of depleted stocks. Hatchery conditions are controlled to support high survival rates; however, once released into the environment, managers have little control over conditions experienced by juveniles. Thus, release timing is a critical decision in hatchery operations. This 3-year study used acoustic telemetry to estimate release timing effects on migration survival of fall run Chinook Salmon from the largest hatchery in California: the Coleman National Fish Hatchery. Juvenile Chinook Salmon implanted with JSATS transmitters were released in two or more groups each year, concomitant with the regular hatchery production. Arrays of acoustic monitors were deployed at six locations within the 517 km migration route to estimate reach-specific survival of each release. Mark-recapture models identified both year and release timing effects on reach-specific survival. In years when release effects were well-supported, survival was higher in the earlier release group. Survival in subsequent releases was similar or significantly lower indicating that conditions in the river may decline or stay the same but improvement was not observed. Survival was consistently high in the first 92 km of the migration route and may be related to predator swamping from the release of millions of hatchery fish. Survival declined, and became more variable, within the lower 425 km of the river with the lowest rates observed in the tidal bay-delta. These results indicate that both year and release timing can strongly influence survival and that time between releases likely influences the magnitude of the effect.