Froth flotation has been a stalwart in mineral beneficiation for more than 100 years. During this time, and particularly in the past 20-30 years, there have been significant advances in the design and application of mechanical elements for flotation systems, e.g., new mechanisms, launders, larger cell volumes, better pumps, etc. While these have enabled new levels of efficiency, on a standalone basis, they are insufficient to deliver the high recovery rates and grades demanded by future mining operations.
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