Pediatric Sleep Surgery: Skeletal Procedures

摘要

Skeletal abnormalities are rare but often correctable causes of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Any facial abnormality that leads to airway impingement may contribute to OSA. The most common congenital craniofacial diagnoses associated with OSA are Robin sequence and syndromic craniosynostosis (SCS). Robin sequence (RS) is defined as the triad of micrognathia (small and retropositioned mandible), glossoptosis (tongue positioned superiorly and posteriorly such that it occludes the oropharynx), and airway obstruction. The incidence of RS ranges from 1:8500 to 1:14,000 live births. Although not a defining characteristic of RS, a cleft of the secondary palate is present in more than 90% of affected individuals.