Human bladder cancer risk calculation based on genome-wide analysis of genetic variants.

摘要

Urinary bladder cancer is the ninth most common cancer worldwide (Roth et al. 2012; Golka et al. 2011). The strongest known risk factors are cigarette smoking, occupational exposure to bladder carcinogens and male gender (Golka et al. 2012a, b; Ovsiannikov et al. 2012). It is well established that slow acetylation (NAT2) and a deletion variant of glutathione S-transferase Ml (GSTM1) are associated with increased bladder cancer risk (Schwender et al. 2012; Bell et al. 1993; Cartwright et al. 1984; Golka et al. 1996; Kempkes et al. 1996; Hengstler et al. 1998).