Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles of bacteria from the saliva of twenty four different individuals form clusters that showed no relationship to the yeasts present

摘要

Graphical abstract Display Omitted Highlights ? No detectable association was found between yeasts and the bacterial fingerprints in saliva. ? In situations under extreme ecological pressure ie. in cariogenic plaque yeasts and major segments of bacterial microbiota may change in concert. ? Significant person-specific ecological variation in the highly complex oral biofilm systems present under normal oral conditions. Abstract Objectives The aim was to investigate the relationship between groups of bacteria identified by cluster analysis of the DGGE fingerprints and the amounts and diversity of yeast present. Methods Bacterial and yeast populations in saliva samples from 24 adults were analysed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the bacteria present and by yeast culture. Results Eubacterial DGGE banding patterns showed considerable variation between individuals. Seventy one different amplicon bands were detected, the band number per saliva sample ranged from 21 to 39 (mean ± SD = 29.3 ± 4.9). Cluster and principal component analysis of the bacterial DGGE patterns yielded three major clusters containing 20 of the samples. Seventeen of the 24 (71%) saliva samples were yeast positive with concentrations up to 10 3 cfu/mL. Candida albicans was the predominant species in saliva samples although six other yeast species, including Candida dubliniensis, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida guilliermondii , Candida rugosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae , were identified. The presence, concentration, and species of yeast in samples showed no clear relationship to the bacterial clusters. Conclusion Despite indications of in vitro bacteria-yeast interactions, there was a lack of association between the presence, identity and diversity of yeasts and the bacterial DGGE fingerprint clusters in saliva. This suggests significant ecological individual-specificity of these associations in highly complex in vivo oral biofilm systems under normal oral conditions.