Rocket Wastelands in Kazakhstan: Scientific Authoritarianism and the Baikonur Cosmodrome

摘要

In this article, I examine how the authoritarian control of scientific research with regard to the Russian space program and the Baikonur Cosmodrome sustains toxic geographies and an information void in Kazakhstan. Baikonur is the oldest, largest, and now busiest space complex in the world, operating continuously since the clandestine Soviet program began in 1957. After 1991, Baikonur became part of a global services industry. Since 2007, a string of violent explosions of Proton class rocket engines, littering designated "fall zones" in central Kazakhstan with toxic debris, have revealed public concern over the use of unsymmetrical dimethyl-hydrazine (heptyl) fuel. When activists' opposition to the use of Proton engines is not squelched as an irrational fear of the cosmos or cosmophobia, Russian and Kazakh authorities resort to censorship, intimidation, and imprisonment. Although located in Kazakhstan, Baikonur's launch facilities, the adjacent closed city of the same name, and rocket "fall zones" are administered by the Russian Federation through several post-Soviet techno-diplomatic leasing agreements. All environmental assessment or remediation related to Baikonur is channeled through the Russian Space Agency (RosCosmos), rendering access, publishing, and independent scientific research outside of public scrutiny. Based on twenty months of field research and key interviews with Russian space industry actors, Kazakh state officials, environmental groups, environmental consultants, and local citizens, I examine how the post-Soviet privatization of Baikonur and a legally binding lease agreement facilitate the emergence of authoritarian forms of environmental governance that normalize pollution and block activist interventions.