Spatially Resolved Insight into the Chemical and Electronic Structure of Solution‐Processed Perovskites—Why to (Not) Worry about Pinholes

Hartmann Claudia; Sadoughi Golnaz; Félix Roberto; Handick Evelyn; Klemm Hagen W.; Peschel Gina; Madej Ewa; Fuhrich Alexander B.; Liao Xiaxia; Raoux Simone; Abou‐Ras Daniel; Wargulski Dan; Schmidt Thomas; Wilks Regan G.; Snaith Henry; B?r Marcus

摘要

Abstract > The unprecedented speed at which the performance of solar cells based on solution‐processed perovskite thin films has increased, in some ways, appears to violate conventional understanding of device optimization. The relatively poor coverage of the TiO <sub>2</sub> electron transport layer by the absorber should cause shunting of the cell. This, however, is not the case. In this paper, it is attempted to explain this “discrepancy.” Insights into coverage, morphology, local elemental composition, and spatially resolved electronic structure of CH <sub>3</sub> NH <sub>3</sub> PbI <sub>(3?</sub> <sub>x</sub> <sub>)</sub> Cl <sub>x</sub> perovskite absorbers wet‐chemically deposited on planar compact TiO <sub>2</sub> electron transport material (ETM) are revealed. Microscopy images indicate an incomplete coverage of the ETM. Depending on the degree of coverage, a variation in iodine oxidation and metallic lead formation is found. With the electronic structure of the absorber and the ETM established experimentally and taking literature on the commonly used hole transport material spiro‐MeOTAD into account, it is revealed that excellent charge selectivity occurs at the interfaces between the absorber and both the hole and electron transport layers. It can also be surmised that, crucially, any direct interface between the TiO <sub>2</sub> and spiro‐MeOTAD would be characterized by a large recombination barrier preventing shunts; to some extent minimizing the negative effects of absorber pinholes. </abstract> </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> <div class="translation abstracttxt"> <span class="zhankaihshouqi fivelineshidden" id="abstract"> <span>机译：</span><Abstract Type =“Main”XML：Lang =“en”> <标题类型=“main”>抽象</ title> > 在某种程度上，基于解决方案处理的钙钛矿薄膜的太阳能电池性能的前所未有的速度似乎违反了对设备优化的传统理解。 TiO的覆盖率相对较差 <sub> 2 </ sub> 吸收器的电子传输层应引起细胞的分流。然而，这不是这种情况。在本文中，试图解释这种“差异”。洞察覆盖，形态，局部元素组成以及CH的空间附加的电子结构 <sub> 3 </ sub> NH. <sub> 3 </ sub> PBI. <sub>（3？</ sub> <sub> x </ sub> </ i> <sub>）</ sub> CL. <sub> x </ sub> </ i> Perovskite吸收剂湿化学沉积在平面紧凑的TiO上 <sub> 2 </ sub> 揭示了电子传输材料（ETM）。显微镜图像表示ETM的不完整覆盖范围。根据覆盖度，发现碘氧化和金属铅形成的变化。通过吸收器的电子结构和实验建立的ETM并在普通使用的空穴运输材料上以普通使用的空穴传输材料考虑到，揭示了在吸收器和孔和电子传输层之间的界面处发生优异的电荷选择性。它也可以被抑制，至关重要地，TIO之间的任何直接接口 <sub> 2 </ sub> 螺旋Meotad的特点是防止分流器的大型重组屏障;在某种程度上，最小化吸收器针孔的负面影响。 </ p> </摘要> </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> <div class="record"> <h2 class="all_title" id="enpatent33" >著录项</h2> <ul> <li> <span class="lefttit">来源</span> <div style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"> <a href='/journal-foreign-18063/'>《Advanced materials interfaces》</a> <b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>2018年第5期</span><b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>共9页</span> </div> </li> <li> <div class="author"> <span class="lefttit">作者</span> <p id="fAuthorthree" class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi"> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Hartmann Claudia&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Hartmann Claudia;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Sadoughi Golnaz&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Sadoughi Golnaz;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Félix Roberto&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Félix Roberto;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Handick Evelyn&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Handick Evelyn;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Klemm Hagen W.&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Klemm Hagen W.;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Peschel Gina&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Peschel Gina;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Madej Ewa&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Madej Ewa;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Fuhrich Alexander B.&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Fuhrich Alexander B.;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Liao Xiaxia&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Liao Xiaxia;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Raoux Simone&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Raoux Simone;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Abou‐Ras Daniel&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Abou‐Ras Daniel;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Wargulski Dan&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Wargulski Dan;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Schmidt Thomas&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Schmidt Thomas;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Wilks Regan G.&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Wilks Regan G.;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Snaith Henry&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Snaith Henry;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=B?r Marcus&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">B?r Marcus;</a> </p> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zkzz" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </li> <li> <div style="display: flex;"> <span class="lefttit">作者单位</span> <div style="position: relative;margin-left: 3px;max-width: 639px;"> <div class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi" id="fOrgthree"> <p>Renewable EnergyHelmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbHm14109 Berlin Germany;</p> <p>Department of PhysicsUniversity of OxfordOxford OX1 3PU UK;</p> <p>Renewable EnergyHelmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbHm14109 Berlin Germany;</p> <p>Renewable EnergyHelmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbHm14109 Berlin Germany;</p> <p>Department of Chemical Physics ‐ Spectro‐Microscopy GroupFritz‐Haber‐Institute of the Max‐Planck‐Society14195 Berlin Germany;</p> <p>Department of Chemical Physics ‐ Spectro‐Microscopy GroupFritz‐Haber‐Institute of the Max‐Planck‐Society14195 Berlin Germany;</p> <p>Department of Chemical Physics ‐ Spectro‐Microscopy GroupFritz‐Haber‐Institute of the Max‐Planck‐Society14195 Berlin Germany;</p> <p>Department of Chemical Physics ‐ Spectro‐Microscopy GroupFritz‐Haber‐Institute of the Max‐Planck‐Society14195 Berlin Germany;</p> <p>Renewable EnergyHelmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbHm14109 Berlin Germany;</p> <p>Energy Materials In‐Situ Laboratory (EMIL)Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH12489 Berlin Germany;</p> <p>Renewable EnergyHelmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbHm14109 Berlin Germany;</p> <p>Renewable EnergyHelmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbHm14109 Berlin Germany;</p> <p>Department of Chemical Physics ‐ Spectro‐Microscopy GroupFritz‐Haber‐Institute of the Max‐Planck‐Society14195 Berlin Germany;</p> <p>Renewable EnergyHelmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbHm14109 Berlin Germany;</p> <p>Department of PhysicsUniversity of OxfordOxford OX1 3PU UK;</p> <p>Renewable EnergyHelmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbHm14109 Berlin Germany;</p> </div> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zhdw" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> </li> <li > <span class="lefttit">收录信息</span> <span style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"></span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">原文格式</span> <span>PDF</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">正文语种</span> <span>eng</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">中图分类</span> <span><a href="https://www.zhangqiaokeyan.com/clc/6960.html" title="特种结构材料">特种结构材料;</a></span> </li> <li class="antistop"> <span class="lefttit">关键词</span> <p style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;"> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=perovskites&option=203" rel="nofollow">perovskites;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=pin holes&option=203" rel="nofollow">pin holes;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=spatially resolved photoemission&option=203" rel="nofollow">spatially resolved photoemission;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=thin‐film solar cells&option=203" rel="nofollow">thin‐film solar cells;</a> </p> <div class="translation"> 机译：Perovskites;针孔;空间解决的光曝光;薄膜太阳能电池; </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="literature cardcommon" id="literaturereference" style="display:none"> <div class="similarity "> <h3 class="all_title" id="enpatent111">引文网络</h3> <div class="referencetab clearfix"> <ul id="referencedaohang"> <li dataid="referenceul">参考文献</li> <li dataid="citationul">引证文献</li> <li dataid="commonreferenceul">共引文献</li> <li dataid="commoncitationul">同被引文献</li> <li dataid="tworeferenceul">二级参考文献</li> <li 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href="/academic-journal-cn_chinese-building-sanitary-ceramics_thesis/0201224726540.html">釉面砖釉面有针孔的分析和解决方案</a> <b>[J]</b> <span> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=陈迪晴&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor"> . 陈迪晴</a> <span> <a href="/journal-cn-23870/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_authcolor"> . 中国建筑卫生陶瓷 </a> </span> <span> . 2006</span><span>,第010期</span> </span> </div> </li> <li> <div> <b>6. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/academic-conference-cn_meeting-62060_thesis/020222742078.html">数慧大数据解决方案支撑城市洞察</a> <b>[C]</b> <span> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=张志&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor"> . 张志</a> <span> <a href="/conference-cn-62060/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_authcolor"> . 第十一届规划信息化实务论坛 </a> <span> <span> . 2017</span> </span> </div> </li> <li> <div> <b>7. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/academic-degree-domestic_mphd_thesis/020314246836.html">浅探交易所不活跃债券公允价值计量解决方案</a> <b>[A] </b> <span> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=李健&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor"> . 李健</a> <span> . 2012</span> </span> </div> </li> </ul> <ul style="display: none;"> <li> <div> <b>1. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/patent-detail/06120102532530.html">使轿车能在不增加油耗的情况下发电的一种解决方案</a> <b>[P]</b> . <span> 中国专利： CN103883479A </span> <span> . 2014-06-25</span> </div> </li> <li> <div> <b>2. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/patent-detail/06120111865221.html">安装在上部空间的固定式购物箱的温控解决方案</a> <b>[P]</b> . <span> 中国专利： CN111833519A </span> <span> . 2020-10-27</span> </div> </li> <li> <div> <b>3. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/patent-detail/06130408532769.html">ORGANIC treated with a solution for forming the structure of the resist film chemical amplification, containers for organic treatment solution for forming the structure of the resist film chemical amplification, AND METHOD FOR FORMING STRUCTURE, METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING ELECTRONIC DEVICE, AND ELECTRONIC DEVICE, B which are subject to</a> <b>[P]</b> . <span> 外国专利：  RU2015116536A </span> <span> . 2016-12-20</span> </div> <p class="zwjiyix translation" style="max-width: initial;height: auto;word-break: break-all;white-space: initial;text-overflow: initial;overflow: initial;"> <span>机译：用用于形成抗蚀剂膜化学放大结构的溶液进行有机处理，用于形成抗蚀剂膜化学放大结构的有机处理溶液的容器，用于形成结构的方法，用于制造电子设备的方法以及用于电子设备的B，受到 </span> </p> </li> <li> <div> <b>4. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/patent-detail/06130435336023.html">Miniplanta modular water treatment for potabilizar fresh water and chemically treating wastewater, tubular structure of modules of flocculation, sedimentation and filtration.The structure supporting the dosing devices chemistry going on, the measuring device of flow water dispensing devices quu00ecmicas solutions.The device of drag and quick mixture of solutions quu00ecmicas, parts and devices required by the process of flocculation, parts and devices required by the process of sedimentation.Bottom of the filter device suitable for direct support of dual media, hydraulic systems inherent and interconnection of the modules of flocculation, settling and filtration.The hydraulic system of the filters that restricts the process of retro self washing by sifonamento,Devices and processes for the potabilizau00e7u00e3o fresh water filtered and devices and processes required for further treatment of the wastewater</a> <b>[P]</b> . <span> 外国专利：  BRPI0501387C1 </span> <span> . 2007-02-21</span> </div> <p class="zwjiyix translation" style="max-width: initial;height: auto;word-break: break-all;white-space: initial;text-overflow: initial;overflow: initial;"> <span>机译：Miniplanta模块化水处理设备，用于处理淡水和废水的化学处理，絮凝，沉淀和过滤模块的管状结构。支持化学计量装置的结构，流水分配装置的溶液计量装置。溶液的快速拖动和混合，絮凝过程所需的零件和装置，沉淀过程所需的零件和装置。过滤器的底部适合直接支撑双重介质，液压系统固有的和相互连接的絮凝，沉降和过滤的模块。过滤器的液压系统限制了sifonamento的逆向自洗过程，滤过的碳酸钾的装置和过程以及进一步处理废水所需的装置和过程 </span> </p> </li> <li> <div> <b>5. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/patent-detail/06130440821720.html">Method for producing dielectric thin film with layered perovskite structure, dielectric thin film with layered perovskite structure and electronic component having dielectric thin film with layered perovskite structure</a> <b>[P]</b> . <span> 外国专利：  JP3705695B2 </span> <span> . 2005-10-12</span> </div> <p class="zwjiyix translation" style="max-width: initial;height: auto;word-break: break-all;white-space: initial;text-overflow: initial;overflow: initial;"> <span>机译：具有层状钙钛矿结构的介电薄膜的制造方法，具有层状钙钛矿结构的介电薄膜和具有具有层状钙钛矿结构的介电薄膜的电子部件 </span> </p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="theme cardcommon" style="overflow: auto;display:none"> <h3 class="all_title" 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