Electrochemical storage devices have become an indispensable part of our domestic,social and working lives.Since Sony launched the first commercial lithium-ion battery in 1991 the sale of batteries has increased from 200,000MWh to 530,000MWh,with much of the growth being dominated by the use of lithium-ion chemistry in consumer product applications.The market for portable items,like laptops and mobile phones,is directly related to the increasing energy density of lithium-ion batteries;as energy densities went up,devices became smaller,lighter and far more powerful.Then,with increasing awareness of transport’s environmental impact,the electric vehicle(EV)began to gain popularity.
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