Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy, Household Smoking after the Child's Birth, and Childhood Proteinuria at Age 3 Years

摘要

Background and objectives Smoking is a well known risk factor of proteinuria in adults; however, clinical studies in children are limited. The purpose of this study is to clarify the associations of maternal smoking during pregnancy and household smoking after the child's birth with the risk of proteinuria at age 3 years old.