Impacts of invasive earthworms and deer on native ferns in forests of northeastern North America

摘要

Forest understory plants in eastern North America experience heavy white-tailed deer browse and impacts associated with invasive species, including of non-native earthworms. Deer and earthworms are well-recognized ecosystem engineers due to their ability to alter understory plant dynamics. We examined interactive effects of earthworms and deer on four woodland ferns (Adiantum pedatum, Polystichum acrostichoides, Dryopteris marginalis, and Dennstaedtia punctilobula) using field and common garden experiments. In the field we planted ferns into fenced and deer-accessible plots in areas with and without earthworms. In a common garden, we assessed both fern responses to different earthworms and fern effects on earthworm survival and biomass. Venue was important in determining experimental outcomes. In the field, A. pedatum and P. acrostichoides showed higher survival and P. acrostichoides grew taller or produced more fronds in worm-invaded areas. Deer presence/absence was not a significant explanatory variable. In the common garden, earthworms had no discernible effect on ferns, but fern species identity varied in its effect on earthworm survival and leaf litter decomposition. Our findings indicate that, contrary to many other understory species, common ferns benefit or are unaffected by earthworms. That we obtained different and even contradictory results in different venues should encourage investigators to validate common garden findings in the field.