Hormonal contraceptive use and smoking as risk factors for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in unvaccinated women aged 30-44 years: A case-control study in New South Wales, Australia

摘要

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines protect against HPV types 16/18, but do not eliminate the need to detect pre-cancerous lesions. Australian women vaccinated as teenage girls are now entering their mid-thirties. Since other oncogenic HPV types have been shown to be more prevalent in women = 30 years old, understanding high grade cervical lesions in older women is still important. Hormonal contraceptives (HC) and smoking are recognised cofactors for the development of pre-malignant lesions.