Wavelet coupled MARS and M5 Model Tree approaches for groundwater level forecasting

摘要

Graphical abstractDisplay OmittedHighlights?The MARS is a promising & flexible modeling technique.?The potential of MARS & W-MARS models are tested for groundwater level forecasting task.?The W-MARS models perform better at higher lead time forecasts.AbstractIn this study, two different machine learning models, Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) and M5 Model Trees (MT) have been applied to simulate the groundwater level (GWL) fluctuations of three shallow open wells within diverse unconfined aquifers. The Wavelet coupled MARS and MT hybrid models were developed in an attempt to further increase the GWL forecast accuracy. The Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) which is particularly effective in deali