Potential of Mean Force Calculations for an SN2 Fluorination Reaction in Five Different Imidazolium Ionic Liquid Solvents Using Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Molecular Dynamics Simulations

摘要

The use of ionic liquids (ILs) as both catalysts and solvents in a wide range of chemical reactions has received considerable attention over the last few years due to their positive effects in enhancing reaction rates and selectivities. In this work, hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) molecular dynamics simulations were carried out in conjunction with umbrella-sampling techniques to study the bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (S_(N)2) fluorination reaction between propyl-mesylate and potassium fluoride using five ILs as solvents, specifically, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium mesylate ([C_(4)mim][OMs]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C_(4)mim][BF_(4)]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoroacetate ([C_(4)mim][CF_(3)COO]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([C_(4)mim][Br]), and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C_(4)mim][Cl]) at 373.15 K. The QM region (reactive part) in all QM/MM systems was simulated using the Parametric Method 6 (PM6) semiempirical methods, and for the MM region (IL solvent), classical force fields (FF) were employed, with the FF developed within the group. The calculated activation free energy barriers (ΔG ~(?)) for the S_(N)2 reaction in the presence of [C_(4)mim][OMs] and [C_(4)mim][BF_(4)] ILs were in agreement with the experimental values reported in the literature. On the other hand, only predicted values were obtained for the activation energies for the [C_(4)mim][CF_(3)COO], [C_(4)mim][Br], and [C_(4)mim][Cl] ILs. These activation energies indicated that the S_(N)2 reaction would be more facile to proceed using the [C_(4)mim][Cl] and [C_(4)mim][OMs] ILs, in contrast with the use of [C_(4)mim][Br] IL, which presented the highest activation energy. Energy-pair distributions, radial distribution functions, and noncovalent interactions (NCI) were also calculated to elucidate the molecular interactions between the reactive QM region and the solvents or reaction media. From these calculations, it was found that not only the reactivity can be enhanced by selecting a specific anion to increase the K–F separation but also the cation plays a relevant role, producing a synergetic effect by forming hydrogen bonds with the fluorine atom from KF and with the oxygen atoms within the mesylate leaving group. Three interactions are significant for the IL catalytic behavior, F_(QM)–HX, K_(QM)–anion, and O_(QM)–HX interactions, where the F_(QM) and K_(QM) labels correspond to fluorine and potassium atoms from the KF salt, O_(QM) corresponds to oxygen atoms within the mesylate leaving group (reactant), and HX refers to hydrogen atoms within the IL cation. The NCI analysis revealed that K_(QM)–anion interactions are of weak type, indicating the importance of hydrogen bond interactions from the cation such as F_(QM)–HX and O_(QM)–HX for the catalytic behavior of ILs.