Fluctuations in single-shot ? -deterministic work extraction

摘要

There has been an increasing interest in the quantification of nearly deterministic work extraction from a finite number of copies of microscopic particles in finite time. This paradigm, the so-called single-shot ?-deterministic work extraction, considers processes with small failure probabilities. However, the resulting fluctuations in the extracted work entailed by this failure probability have yet to be studied. In the standard thermodynamics, paradigm fluctuation theorems are powerful tools to study fluctuating quantities. Given that standard fluctuation theorems are inadequate for a single-shot scenario, here we formulate and prove a fluctuation relation specific to the single-shot ?-deterministic work extraction to bridge this gap. Our results are general in the sense that we allow the system to be in contact with the heat bath at all times. As a corollary of our theorem, we derive the known bounds on the ?-deterministic work.