Thermal quantum transition-path-time distributions, time averages, and quantum tunneling times

摘要

The transition-path-time distribution is formalized for quantum systems and applied to a number of examples. Using a symmetrized thermal density, transition times are studied for the free particle, a δ-function potential, a square-barrier potential, and symmetric-double-well dynamics at very low temperature. These studies exemplify extreme nonlocality for motion in δ-function potentials, vanishing tunneling times for the square-barrier potential, and varying transit times in the symmetric-double-well potential. In all cases, there are regions where the longer the distance traversed, the shorter the mean transit time is. For the thermal density correlation functions studied here, the Hartman effect exemplifies itself through the independence of the transit time on the barrier height. However, due to the thermal distribution, the transit time does depend on the barrier width, initially decreasing with increasing width but then increasing again.