Novel pnicogen bonding interactions with silylene as an electron donor: covalency, unusual substituent effects and new mechanisms

摘要

An analogue of carbene, singlet silylene (H3P=N)(2)Si, was paired with the mono-substituted phosphines XH2Y (X = P, As, and Sb; Y = F, Cl, Br, and I) to form unconventional pnicogen-bonded complexes. All structures have Cs symmetry except the Sb complex, showing a deviation from this symmetry due to the coexistence of H center dot center dot center dot H interactions. The P and As complexes have different geometries from conventional pnicogen-bonded ones because the Y-X center dot center dot center dot Si line shows a large deviation from the molecular plane composed of two N atoms and one Si atom of (H3P=N)(2)Si. This deviation can be attributed to a new formation mechanism of the pnicogen bond due to the combined result of the LPSi -> BD*(X-Y) and LPX -> LPSi* orbital interactions. Generally, the pnicogen bond becomes stronger in the order of F < Cl < Br < I and weaker in the order of P > As > Sb, exhibiting an unexpected substitution effect and dependence on the nature of the pnicogen atom. These orders are inconsistent with the MEP on the X atom but can be better explained by the above orbital interactions. The Si center dot center dot center dot X interaction displays a character of covalent or partially covalent interaction, evidenced by the high interaction energy of -59.9 to -105.4 kJ mol (-1) as well as the negative energy density and the great charge transfer.