Cardiac output, at rest and during exercise, before and during myocardial ischemia, reperfusion, and infarction in conscious mice

摘要

numerous molecular and cellular tools and techniques are currently used to advance our understanding of cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. These molecular tools and interventions are mainly performed in reduced preparations and, thus, are void of regulated systems, feedback controls, and redundant control mechanisms operating in whole animals. Accordingly, the physiological context of the reductionist approach can be lost because the system is far more complex than the reductionist preparations allow (26). Specifically, multiple systems and regulatory strategies interact to regulate cardiac homeostasis. Our challenge, therefore, is to integrate the molecular intervention with the assessment of change in physiological function in an intact system (4, 22). Specifically, molecular and cellular tools and techniques must be linked to physiological function in complex models with multiple systems and regulatory strategies to fully appreciate the physiological context. Currently, these techniques are mainly performed under conditions remote from the normal in vivo condition, where the extrapolation of molecular changes to the in vivo situation and the facilitation of the translational aspect of the findings are limited (22).