Left-sided congestive heart failure in dogs: pathophysiology and diagnosis.

摘要

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a relatively common condition in dogs. Diagnostic and treatment strategies continue to evolve as researchers explore the pathophysiology and develop a better understanding of this syndrome. Unfortunately, however, the morbidity and mortality associated with heart failure remain high. This article focuses on the pathophysiology of CHF and the diagnosis of dogs that present either with initial clinical signs or with decompensation despite therapy.