Histological structure of clypeo-cibarial and labral skeleton and musculature in Nematocera (Diptera). Report 1. Limoniidae, Tipulidae, Ptychopteridae, Trichoceridae, and Psychodidae [Russian]

摘要

Most studied species of Tipulomorpha (s.l.) have a moderately developed labrum with sclerotized outer wall. Except for Ptychoptera, there are intralabral (labro-epipharyngeal) muscle fibers originating from the base of the labral outer wall and running like a fan to the epipharynx. Only in Trichocera the labral outer wall forms an apodeme located under the clypeus. A part of intralabral muscle fibers originates from this apodeme. The clypeus is well developed and has mostly a form of sclerotized shield fused with the frons and genae. In Tipulidae, the clypeus forms the whole rostrum. There are two types of clypeo-cibarial junction. In Tipuloidea, they are bilaterally interconnected with an epithelial structure that looks like a ligament in Limoniidae, and like a ribbon, in Tipulidae. In all Tipulomorpha, except for Limoniidae, there is also a junction of thickened latero-distal clypeal margins with lateral cibarial ridges. This connection is located near the functional mouth. All Tipulomorpha studied have well-developed tentorio-cibarial muscle. In Tipuloidea, it originates from the lateral walls of the rostrum and not from the anterior arms of the tentorium. The clypeo-labral muscle is developed to various degree in different representatives of Tipulomorpha. The cranio-cibarial muscle is absent in Limoniidae and Tipulidae possibly because of their head prognathism.