First record of imposex in Heleobia australis (Caenogastropoda: Cochliopidae)

摘要

Organotin compounds (OTs), mainly tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT), have been widely used in antifouling paints for decades (Almeida, Diamantino & Sousa, 2007). Owing to the environmentally deleterious properties of OTs, TBT-based antifouling paints were banned by the International Maritime Organization in 2008; however, these paints are still widely used in several South American countries (Castro, Perina & Fillmann, 2012). Sediments act as reservoirs for OTs due to their high affinity for particulate matter (Castro, Perina & Fillmann, 2012). As a result, high concentrations of OTs may threaten benthic fauna, particularly deposit-feeding species (Galante-Oliveira et al., 2010).