Transmit Array Spatial Encoding (TRASE) using broadband WURST pulses for RF spatial encoding in inhomogeneous B-0 fields

摘要

Transmit Array Spatial Encoding (TRASE) is a promising new MR encoding method that uses transmit RF (B-1(+)) phase gradients over the field-of-view to perform Fourier spatial encoding. Acquisitions use a spin echo train in which the transmit coil phase ramp is modulated to jump from one k-space point to the next. This work extends the capability of TRASE by using swept radiofrequency (RF) pulses and a quadratic phase removal method to enable TRASE where it is arguably most needed: portable imaging systems with inhomogeneous B-0 fields. The approach is particularly well-suited for portable MR scanners where (a) inhomogeneous B-0 fields are a byproduct of lightweight magnet design, (b) heavy, high power consumption gradient coil systems are a limitation to siting the system in non-conventional locations and (c) synergy with the use of spin echo trains is required to overcome intra-voxel dephasing (short T-2*) in the inhomogeneous field. TRASE does not use a modulation of the B-0 field to encode, but it does suffer from secondary effects of the inhomogeneous field. Severe artifacts arise in TRASE images due to off-resonance effects when the RF pulse does not cover the full bandwidth of spin resonances in the imaging FOV. Thus, for highly inhomogeneous B-0 fields, the peak RF power needed for high-bandwidth refocusing hard pulses becomes very expensive, in addition to requiring RF coils that can withstand thousands of volts. In this work, we use swept WURST RF pulse echo trains to achieve TRASE imaging in a highly inhomogeneous magnetic field (Delta B-0/B-0 similar to 0.33% over the sample). By accurately exciting and refocusing the full bandwidth of spins, the WURST pulses eliminate artifacts caused by the limited bandwidth of the hard pulses used in previous realizations of TRASE imaging. We introduce a correction scheme to remove the unwanted quadratic phase modulation caused by the swept pulses. Also, a phase alternation scheme is employed to mitigate artifacts caused by mixture of the even and odd-echo coherence pathways due to defects in the refocusing pulse. In this paper, we describe this needed methodology and demonstrate the ability of TRASE to Fourier encode in an inhomogeneous field (Delta B-0/B-0 similar to 1% over the full FOV). (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.