Environmental isotopes investigation on recharge processes and hydrodynamics of the coastal sedimentary aquifers of Tiruvadanai, Tamilnadu State, India

摘要

Environmental isotopes (H-2, O-18, H-3, C-13, C-14, S-34), in conjunction with hydrogeological and hydro-chemical data, were employed to understand the groundwater recharge processes and hydrodynamics of the Tiruvadanai aquifers in the Tamilnadu State in Southern India. Hydro-chemical characterisation of the groundwater indicated that the Tertiary aquifers (depth: 50-200 m, un-confined/semi-confined/confined), contain nodominant (Ca-Mg-HCO3Cl) to brackish (Na-Cl) type of waters and the deeper (350500 m) Cretaceous aquifer (confined) contains freshwater. The concentration of various chemical species along the general groundwater flow direction (northwest to east) showed a trend with decrease in Mg2+ and Ca2+ and an increase in Na+ and K+ in both Tertiary and Cretaceous aquifers which is also indicated by decreasing saturation index values for dolomite along the flow path. This could be attributed to ion-exchange processes. A higher pH value of Cretaceous aquifer samples (7.4-8.6) could also be responsible for the towering of Mg2+ and Ca2+ concentrations by facilitating precipitation of carbonates in them. On the delta H-2-delta O-18 plot, the Tertiary aquifers samples fall on an evaporation line. Their 3 H values near the ephemeral rivers range from 2 to 5 TU while those away from the rivers have <1 TU and C-14(DIC) model ages range from 1 to 13 ka BP. The Cretaceous aquifer samples measured 3 H values <1.5 TU and their C-14(DIC) model ages are >20 ka BP, indicating palaeo-waters. Based on 14C model ages, the groundwater velocity was estimated (Tertiary aquifers: 10(-2)-10(-3) m d(-1); Cretaceous aquifer: 10(-3) m d(-1)). Dissolution of carbonate bearing minerals in the Tertiary aquifer and oxidation of organic matter in the Cretaceous aquifers seems to be the dominant processes and thus resulting in the corresponding enrichment and depletion in C-13(DIC) along the ftowpaths. The values of delta S-34 (aq SO42-) showed enrichment in the Cretaceous aquifer samples compared to that of the Tertiary aquifers samples. The delta S-34 (aq. SO42-) enrichment could be due to bacterial. reduction of 4 sulphate. From the investigation, three types of recharge processes to the aquifer system are discerned, with the overall modern recharge component being tow. The Cretaceous aquifer contains fossil groundwaters and hence the resources may be finite and their exploitation is mining. Deeper coastal groundwater isotopic evidence of palaeo-climatic excursions between and and humid phases during the Holocene and Late Pleistocene in the Southern India has been obtained for the first time.