Inhibition of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α by Dihydroxyphenylethanol, a Product from Olive Oil, Blocks Microsomal Prostaglandin-E Synthase-1/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression and Reduces Tumor Angiogenesis

摘要

The tumor microenvironment influences both tumor growth and progression, limits the access of therapeutics to the tumor, and contributes to the development of drug resistance. Hypoxia, inflammation, and angiogenesis, which are major processes of the tumor microenvironment, promote malignancy through an array of intertwined signals. Among these, hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is a key player as it activates the transcription of multiple genes involved in tumor progression, which include vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), hallmarks of angiogenesis and inflammation, respectively (1-4).