Computational models of muscle generally lump the material properties of connective tissue, muscle fibers, and muscle fascicles together into one constitutive relationship that assumes a transversely isotropic microstructure. These models do not take into account how variations in the microstructure of muscle affect its macroscopic material properties. The goal of this work was to develop micromechanical models of muscle to determine the effects of variations in muscle microstructure on the macroscopic constitutive behavior. We created micromechanical models at the fiber and fascicle levels based on histological cross-sections of two rabbit muscles, the rectus femoris (RF) and the soleus, to determine the effects of microstructure geometry (fiber and fascicle shapes) on the along-fiber shear modulus of muscle. The two fiber-level models predicted similar macroscopic shear moduli (within 13.5% difference); however, the two fascicle-level models predicted very different macroscopic shear moduli (up to 161% difference). We also used the micromechanical models to test the assumption that the macroscopic properties of muscle are transversely isotropic about the fiber (or fascicle) direction. The fiber-level models exhibited behavior consistent with the transverse isotropy assumption; however, the fascicle-level models exhibited transversely anisotropic behavior. Micromechanical models, combined with fiber and fiber bundle mechanical experiments, are needed to understand how normal or pathological variations in microstructure give rise to the observed macroscopic behavior of muscle.
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