Several refiners have recently purchased ethanol plants; here are some insights into the water treatment issues in these plants. The unit operation with the most stringent water requirement is the low-pressure boiler (～ 150 psig) that provides steam to the fermentation unit, distillation unit and/or the evaporators: permeate from a reverse osmosis (RO) unit is suitable. These plants also require cooling water and will have a cooling tower.
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