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A comparison of biofilms from macrophytes and rocks for taste and odour producers in the St. Lawrence River

机译:圣劳伦斯河大型植物和岩石生物膜的味道和气味产生者比较

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Given their widespread and prolific annual development in the St. Lawrence River (SLR), macrophytes (i.e. submerged aquatic plants) represent large surface areas for biofilm growth and potentially important sites for associated production of taste and odour (T&O) compounds. We therefore evaluated the importance of submerged macrophytes and their associated biofilms for production of T&O compounds, 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin (GM), compared with biofilms from adjacent rocks. We also tested the hypothesis that production of these compounds would differ between macrophyte species, based on the premise that they are not inert substrates but directly influence the communities that colonise their surfaces. Samples collected from transects across the SLR between Kingston and Cornwall, ON were dominated by the flat-bladed Vallisneria spp., and the leafed Myriophyllum spicatum, Elodea canadensis, Chara spp., Potamgeton spp., and Ceratophyllum spp. Overall, MIB and GM levels in biofilms ranged widely between samples. Expressed per g dry weight of biofilm, median levels from macrophyte were 50 (range 1–5,000) ng MIB g-1 and 10 (<1 to 580) ng GM g-1 compared with 50 (range 5–970) ng MIB g-1 and 160 (1–1,600) ng GM g-1 from rocks. Based on non-parametric statistical analysis, levels of GM were higher on a g dry weight basis in biofilms from rocks than macrophytes (P=0.02), but MIB levels were similar (P=0.94). However, when normalised for differences in substrate surface area (i.e. ng cm-2), levels of both MIB and GM were higher in biofilms from rocks than from macrophytes (P<0.01). There were no discernable differences in MIB and GM concentrations from biofilms of different macrophytes based on either g dry weight sample or surface area (P>0.05). Overlying water (OLW) concentrations ranged between 2–45 ng L-1 for MIB and 5–30 ng L-1 for GM and were not correlated with levels in adjacent biofilms. However, OLW concentrations peaked in shallow, low energy embayments consistent with enhanced production and release of MIB and GM in nearshore areas. The results support our previous work showing the importance of biofilms on various surfaces (rocks, macrophytes and zebra mussels) for MIB and GM production in the SLR, but suggest that inert surfaces like rocks are more productive sites per unit surface area than macrophytes.
机译:鉴于其在圣劳伦斯河(SLR)的广泛而丰富的年度发展,大型植物(即被淹没的水生植物)代表着生物膜生长的大表面积,并且是产生味觉和气味(T&O)化合物的潜在重要场所。因此,与相邻岩石的生物膜相比,我们评估了淹没的植物及其相关生物膜对于生产T&O化合物,2-甲基异冰片醇(MIB)和土臭素(GM)的重要性。我们还检验了以下假设:大型植物物种之间这些化合物的产生会有所不同,前提是它们不是惰性底物,而是直接影响在其表面定殖的群落。从安大略省金斯敦和康沃尔郡之间的SLR样地收集的样品主要由扁平的Vallisneria spp。和带叶的Myriophyllum spicatum,Elodea canadensis,Chara ppppa,Potamgeton spp。和Ceratophyllum spp占主导。总体而言,样品之间生物膜中的MIB和GM水平差异很大。以每克生物膜干重表示,大型植物的中位水平为50(1至5,000)ng MIB g-1和10(<1至580)ng GM g-1,而50(5至970)ng MIB g -1和160(1–1,600)ng GM g-1来自岩石。根据非参数统计分析,以生物干重计,岩石生物膜中的GM水平高于大型植物(P = 0.02),但MIB水平相似(P = 0.94)。但是,当针对基质表面积差异(即ng cm-2)进行归一化处理时,岩石生物膜中的MIB和GM含量均高于大型植物(P <0.01)。基于干重样品或表面积,不同大型植物生物膜的MIB和GM浓度无明显差异(P> 0.05)。上层水(OLW)的浓度对于MIB为2–45 ng L-1,对于GM为5–30 ng L-1,并且与相邻生物膜中的浓度无关。但是,OLW浓度在浅层,低能量的巢穴中达到峰值,这与近岸地区MIB和GM的生产和释放的增加相一致。结果支持了我们以前的工作,表明在SLR的MIB和GM生产中,各种表面(岩石,大型植物和斑马贻贝)上生物膜的重要性,但表明惰性表面(如岩石)比大型植物在单位表面积上的生产力更高。

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