Due to the negative effects of urine on wound healing, the high rate of complications associated with surgical incisions in the ureter and a desire to avoid large open approaches to the abdomen, there is a strong trend in human medicine toward the use of endoscopic methods in the treatment of upper urinary tract disease. However, the small size of urogenital structures in companion animals has prevented the widespread application of endoscopy of the upper urinary tract and surgery continues to be the mainstay of treatment. Through careful decision making, veterinary surgeons now use microsurgical technique and interventional radiology to provide a high success rate. The current review will discuss complications pertaining to surgery of the kidney and ureter in companion animals, using experimental and clinical data to guide the detection and avoidance of these complications.
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