Morphological aspects associated with repair and regeneration in Lobaria pulmonaria and L. amplissitna (Peltigerales, Ascomycota)

摘要

In lichens with a competitive ecological strategy, reproduction, dispersal and maintenance of the habitat are considered equally important (Ott 1987). While wind, heavy rain or large animals may detach whole thalli or thallus pieces, small herbivoressuch as snails, slugs, mites or insects may cause physical damage by grazing systematically on whole lobes or particular thallus parts. In this way, herbivores can decimate preferred species or limit their thallus growth (Lawrey 1983; Froberg et al. 1993, 2006; Baur et al. 1994, 1995, 2000; Benesperi & Tretiach 2004; Asplund & Gauslaa 2008; Asplund et al. 2010; Asplund 2011). In the case of Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm., it seems that grazing invertebrates may reduce populations of recently establishedyoung thalli (Asplund & Gauslaa 2008), but grazing damage does not necessarily change growth rates of this species if growth zones are not affected (Gauslaa et al. 2006). There has been considerable research on regeneration of structures developed afterartificially caused damage (Henssen & Jahns 1974; Armstrong 1979, 2010; Honeg-ger 1996a; Honegger et al. 1996). Moreover, studies assessing wounds caused by grazing snails have revealed that different lichen species respond with the same regeneration process; in both cases they activate lobe pri-mordia along wound margins and start with the formation of secondary lobes (Baur et al. 2000; Froberg et al. 2006). A few studies suggest that regenerative abilities of lichens might have the potential to restructure new thalli from fragments that have survived the gut passage of feeding invertebrates (Froberg et al. 2001; Meier et al. 2002; Boch et al. 2011). However, evidence for successful generation under field conditions is lacking.