Currently, biomass is currently the only sustainable source of organic carbon, and biofuels are the only sustainable source of liquid fuels. A large number of processes for converting biomass into biofuels involve hydrogenation of biomass-derived feedstock in the aqueous phase. Upgrading bio-oils by hydro-treating involves hydrogenating a range of functional groups, which also include organic acids. For these hydro-treating routes to become economically viable, it is critical to design highly active and selective catalysts for aqueous-phase hydrogenation (APH) reactions.
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