Benchmarking started at Xerox in 1979 as a way of comparing its photocopiers against competing products Xerox's production costs were about the same as Japanese retail prices). The practice spread quickly within Xerox and product comparison spread to process comparison, and then to comparing with industry leaders rather than just competitors. Robert Camp published his book Benchmarking: the search for industry best practices that lead to superior performance about Xerox's success. It spread to other companies and is now used as a standard business tool within many companies worldwide.
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