Wavelike flow marks are a kind of surface defect that can arise during the filling stage of the injection molding process.In this study,we performed a numerical analy sis using a finite element method to predict the condi tions under which flow marks are generated.To simplify the analysis,a two dimensional flow through a channel between two parallel plates was considered.The viscos ity of the polymer melt was modeled by the Cross-WLF equation.For the finite element analysis,a velocity-pressure formulation was used to simultaneously solve the continuity and momentum equations.The calcula tion domain for the numerical analysis keeps changing with time due to the advancing melt front.To handle the free surface more accurately,a moving grid method was employed.A numerical mesh was generated at each time step using an automatic mesh generation scheme.An analytical model was developed to correlate the effects of process variables to the flow mark geometry.Results of the numerical analysis were compared with the available experimental data.The estimated geome try of the flow marks were in good qualitative agreement with experimental observations.Parametric studies have been performed to examine the effects of various processing conditions and the material properties on flow mark Size.
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