Homologation and alkylation of boronic esters and boranes by 1,2-metallate rearrangement of boron ate complexes

摘要

Organoboranes and boronic esters readily undergo nucleophilic addition, and if the nucleophile also bears an a-leaving group, 1,2-metallate rearrangement of the ate complex results. Through such a process a carbon chain can be extended, usually with high stereocontrol and this is the focus of this review. A chiral boronic ester (substrate control) can be used for stereocontrolled homologations with (dichloromethyl)Iithium in the presence of ZnCl_2. Subsequent alkylation by an organometallic reagent also occurs with high levels of stereocontrol. Chiral lithiated carbanions (reagent control) can also be used for the reaction sequence with achiral boronic esters and boranes. Aryl-stabilized sulfur ylide derived chiral carbanions can be homologated with a range of boranes including vinyl boranes in good yield and high diastereo- and enantioselectivity. Lithiated alkyl chlorides react with boronic esters, again with high stereocontrol, but both sets of reactions are limited in scope. Chiral lithiated carbamates show the greatest substrate scope and react with both boronic esters and boranes with excellent enantioselectivity. Furthermore, iterative homologation with chiral lithiated carbamates allows carbon chains to be "grown" with control over relative and absolute stereochemistry. The factors responsible for stereocontrol are discussed.