Causes of spatial patterns of dead trees in forest fragments in Illinois

摘要

Natural disturbances introduce spatial heterogeneity into forests by causing non-random mortality of trees. We examined whether wind was the primary cause of spatial patterns of dead trees at fragment- and individual tree-levels in three fragments of temperate deciduous forests in Illinois, USA. Dead trees and wind-caused types of mortality were expected to be higher at forest edges, on windward aspects, in poorly-drained soils, and adjacent to existing canopy gaps. The extent of wind-related mortality was determined by comparing spatial and temporal patterns of dead trees, as well as characteristics of trees downed by single windstorms versus all dead trees. At the fragment- level, we used randomly located quadrats of 25 x 25 m to sample edge and interior areas of Trelease Woods, Brownfield Woods, and Hart Woods in 1995-1996 and again in 1999-2000. We noted type of mortality (standing dead, snapped-off, or uprooted trees), and measured DBH (greater than or equal to 10 cm) and direction of fall of each dead tree. The same measures were made for trees felled by two single storms in 1994. At the individual tree-level, domino effects were evaluated by comparing openness surrounding target treefalls vs. an equal sample size of living trees. The study provided limited evidence that wind caused spatial patterns of dead trees. Instead, spatial patterns of dead trees in the fragments accumulated from domino effects at the individual tree-level in two of the three fragments. Dead trees were more associated with preexisting gaps. Contrary to our predictions at the fragment- level, the frequency of dead trees was not greater at edges, on windward aspects, or in poorly drained soils. This study demonstrated the complexity of spatial patterns of dead trees in forest fragments. The significant domino effects indicated that the occurrence of dead trees was not random, but determined by previous disturbances.