The spatial distribution of people exhibits clustering across a wide range of scales, from household (similar to 10(-2) km) to continental (similar to 10(4) km) scales. Empirical data indicate simple power-law scalings for the size distribution of cities (known as Zipf's law) and the population density fluctuations as a function of scale. Using techniques from random field theory and statistical physics, we show that these power laws are fundamentally a consequence of the scale-free spatial clustering of human populations and the fact that humans inhabit a two-dimensional surface. In this sense, the symmetries of scale invariance in two spatial dimensions are intimately connected to urban sociology. We test our theory by empirically measuring the power spectrum of population density fluctuations and show that the logarithmic slope alpha = 2.04 +/- 0.09, in excellent agreement with our theoretical prediction alpha = 2. The model enables the analytic computation of many new predictions by importing the mathematical formalism of random fields.
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