A Tale of Two Rivers: Can the Restoration Lessons of River Thames (Southern UK) Be Transferred to River Hindon (Northern India)?

摘要

This study identifies the basin scale factors and potential remedies to restore the severely polluted Hindon River in India, by comparing with another basin with high population density: the River Thames in the UK. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) in the Thames River are usually around 8 mg/l and 7.5 mg/l respectively, while phosphorus and ammonium range between 0.1–0.6 mg/l and 0.1–0.4 mg/l respectively. The Thames has seen great improvements in water quality over the past decades, due to high levels of sewage treatment and regulation of industrial effluents which have improved water quality conditions. Conversely, the Hindon River suffers from extremely poor water quality and this is mainly attributed to the direct discharge of partially treated or untreated municipal and industrial wastewater into the river. BOD is in the range of 15–60 mg/l and DO is below 5 mg/l. Phosphorus ranges around 2–6 mg/l at most of the monitoring stations and ammonia-nitrogen in the range of 10–40 mg /l in Galeta at Hindon. The analysis of variance also depicts the spatial and temporal variation in water quality in the Hindon River. Besides, non-point sources, pollution from point sources with minimal base flow in the river during dry season, result in low dilution capacity causing high pollutant concentrations which impacts the river ecosystem and fisheries. To restore the Hindon River, resources must be focussed on mainly treating sewage and industrial effluents and by developing appropriate river basin management and regulatory plans.