Reflections on the development of the urban governance of Ha Noi

摘要

There are many continuities in urban governance in Ha Noi's long history. For example, the ward has ancient roots and can be traced to at least the 15th century during the Le Dynasty. The ward has remained the basic motif of urban governance in Ha Npi in the present era of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam (after 1975) and through the period of economic reform.