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The effect of contract renewal and competitive tendering on public transport costs, subsidies and ridership

机译:续签和竞争性招标对公共交通成本,补贴和乘车率的影响

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摘要

In this paper, we aim to estimate the effect of contract renewal as well as competitive tendering on public transport costs, subsidies, and ridership. More specifically, we examine to what extent (multiple) contract renewals and introduction of competitive tendering for long-term public transport contracts affect ridership, operational costs and subsidies in concession areas governed by public transportation authorities from 2001 until 2013 in the Netherlands. Our identification strategy improves on the literature as we are able to control for all time-invariant unobserved factors, such as network and area characteristics by using panel data. We show that when renewing long-term contracts, operational costs are reduced by at least 10%, whereas subsidies fall even stronger. For contracts that are renewed at least twice, the reduction in costs is even more substantial and in the order of 16%. We find that the effect of competitive tendering is completely absent, suggesting that the threat of competitive tendering is sufficient in a market where the majority of concessions is competitive tendered. Contract renewal not only reduces costs and subsidies, but simultaneously increases public transport ridership by 7.7%. Furthermore the vehicle-hours elasticity of operational costs is 0.40, pointing to strong economies of density. The geographical scale elasticity of operational costs is around one, which indicates constant returns to scale with respect to the geographical size of the concession area. This suggest that the current size of the Dutch concession area is optimal with respect to costs. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译:在本文中,我们旨在估算续签合同以及竞争性招标对公共交通成本,补贴和乘车率的影响。更具体地说,我们研究了从2001年到2013年,荷兰在多大程度上(多份)合同续签和采用长期公共运输合同的竞争性招标在多大程度上影响了公共交通部门管辖的特许区内的乘客,运营成本和补贴。我们的识别策略在文献上得到了改进,因为我们能够使用面板数据来控制所有时不变的不可观测因素,例如网络和区域特征。我们表明,续签长期合同时,运营成本至少降低了10%,而补贴下降的幅度更大。对于至少续签两次的合同,成本的降低幅度更大,约为16%。我们发现完全没有竞争性招标的影响,这表明在大多数特许权都是竞争性招标的市场中,竞争性招标的威胁是足够的。续签合同不仅可以降低成本和补贴,还可以使公共交通出行率提高7.7%。此外,运营成本的工时弹性为0.40,这表明密度很强。运营成本的地域规模弹性约为1,这表明相对于特许权区域的地域规模,规模收益是不变的。这表明,就成本而言,荷兰特许经营区的当前规模是最佳的。 (C)2016 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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